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Rum Composers of Constantinople

Ottoman Urban Music

Rum composers of Constantinople

Selected Works

A few words about the project

This work aims to assist today’s students of music to navigate their way as they strive to immerse themselves in a practical manner in the enchanting and multifaceted tradition of Ottoman Urban Music. Until the 1980s, interest in this music was confined to very specific circles in Turkey’s urban centers and a small number of international academics. However, at some point, this musical tradition began to exert its charm beyond Turkey, captivating musicians and listeners alike. Among them were those who aspired not just to appreciate it but to actually play it themselves. As a result, many students found themselves far from places where this music was traditionally performed, often without peers or fellow learners with whom they could study and grow. The application we have developed seeks to support students in their daily practice. Naturally, nothing can replace the traditional method of Meşk (described in detail by Eleni Kallimopoulou in the following text), but such a tool can offer the aspiring musician the experience of playing as if they were among fellow performers, finding their place within a characteristic instrumental ensemble of this tradition. The instruments featured in our recordings include ney, kanun, oud, the lyra of Istanbul (kemençe), and the percussion instruments bendir and darabuka—among the most emblematic instruments of the ince saz orchestra as we encounter it today. In the future, we intend to expand this collection to include equally significant instruments such as the tambur, the rebab, and the kudüm.

 The decision to focus on the works of Rum composers stems from the fact that their music is, to some extent, already familiar in Greece. We wished to begin with compositions that would resonate with Greek musicians. However, it is important to emphasize that Ottoman Urban Music is inherently eclectic, shaped by influences and exchanges coming from many directions, forming a melting pot of elements which draws from all of the communities that constituted Ottoman urban society at different points in history. Moreover, within the musical sphere—perhaps more than in other cultural domains—there was a greater degree of equality between the various minorities and the dominant Muslim population. This gave rise to a multifaceted and complex musical identity that includes composers and musicians of Turkish, Rum, Armenian, Jewish, Arab, Persian, Indian, and other backgrounds. Notable figures such as Dimitrie Kantemir, Prince of Moldavia, who left invaluable notations and theoretical writings on Ottoman music, and the Polish-born Wojciech Bobowski (Ali Ufkî Bey), who as early as the 17th century transcribed Ottoman musical works using European notation, further attest to this tradition’s richness and breadth.

We hope that students will find this application useful, and we look forward to receiving their feedback in order to continue refining and expanding it.

I personally extend my gratitude to all those who contributed to this endeavor—the exceptional musicians, the dedicated technicians of various specialties who worked with passion and devotion, and, of course, the tireless and resourceful Natalia Kotsani, without whom none of this would have been possible.

ross
Biographical information

THE COMPOSERS

  1. 1615
  2. 1673
  3. 1680
  4. 1740
  5. 1845
  6. 1900
  7. 1915
  8. 1925
  1. Tanburi Angeli

    c. 1615-1680/90
    Angelis (Angeli, Tanburi Angeli) was a composer and tanbur player who worked as a musician at the Ottoman Palace during the reign of Sultan Mehmed IV (1648–1687). His name appears in imperial records documenting the payroll of instrumental and vocal music instructors. Like Dimitrie Kantemir, whom he taught music for fifteen years, Angelis is considered a pioneering composer in the development of the new instrumental form peşrev. His compositions were distinguished by their slow rhythmic tempo and intricate melodic development. Kantemir mentions him in his book on music and includes four of his compositions.
  2. Dimitrie Kantemir/ Kantemiroğlu

    1673-1723
    Dimitrie Kantemir was a Moldavian prince, son of Moldavian ruler Constantin Kantemir, and a polymath—scholar, historian, and philosopher. As part of his education in Moldavia, he received a classical Greek education under the Cretan monk Ieremias Kakavelas. During his years in Istanbul (1693–1710), he continued his studies at the Great School of the Nation at Fener while also immersing himself in Islamic theology, Ottoman-Turkish, and Arabic. Simultaneously, he devoted himself to studying the musical traditions of the Ottoman court, learning from two distinguished Rum musicians for fifteen years: the former Christian convert Kemanî Ahmed Çelebi (d. 1720) and Angelis (Tanburi Angeli). Kantemir became a master of the tanbur and distinguished himself as a composer. His most significant musical legacy is the Kitabu İlmu’l Musiki Ala Vechi’l-Hurufat (The Book of the Science of Music through Alphabetical Notation), a groundbreaking theoretical treatise on Ottoman music. The work includes an extensive collection of compositions transcribed in an innovative alphabetical notation system that Kantemir himself devised.
  3. Zaharya

    c. 1680-1740/50
    Zaharya was a musician with both ecclesiastical and secular compositions, referenced in both Greek and Ottoman-Turkish sources. Although he composed church music, he is primarily remembered as a composer of secular music. Ottoman sources recognize him as the most significant non-Muslim composer of Ottoman music. Zacharias was a fur trader (kürkçü) from a wealthy background and was active during the reigns of Ahmed III (1703–1730) and Mahmud I (1730–1754), particularly during the Tulip Era (Lâle Devri, 1718–1730)—a period of flourishing arts and music. He was likely a hanende (vocalist) in the Ottoman Palace, and some sources suggest he also played the tanbur. His vocal and instrumental compositions are known for their sophistication, intricacy, and grandeur, and they remain central to the classical Turkish music repertoire. His rich body of work survives only in part, preserved through oral tradition, handwritten manuscripts in Byzantine and Hampartsum notation, and 19th-century printed collections. The claim that he converted to Islam in his later years, as well as the suggestion that he served as a church cantor, remain unverified due to lack of conclusive evidence.
  4. Petraki

    c. 1730/35-1778
    Petros Peloponnesios, also known as Petros Lampadarios, was a leading figure in Byzantine chant. Born in the Peloponnese, he studied in Smyrna under Hieromonk Theodosios Chios before moving to Istanbul in the 1750s, where he became a student of the Patriarchal Protopsaltis Ioannis Trapezountios. He served as Domestikos and later as Lampadarios at the Ecumenical Patriarchate. As a composer of ecclesiastical music, he revitalized Byzantine chant with new compositions that replaced older melodies and developed his own system of analytical notation for both liturgical and secular music. In the realm of "external" music (secular or extra-ecclesiastical), Petros was a pioneer of Phanariot songs, considered one of the first composers of the genre. In Ottoman urban music, he is likely identified as Petraki or Tyriaki. He was skilled in playing the ney and tanbur and was also a vocalist. His connections with the Mevlevi dervishes and possibly the Bektashis are evident in contemporary sources. His remarkable ability to transcribe oral traditions earned him admiration in Ottoman musical circles, leading to the nickname "thief" (hırsız Petraki). As a transcriber, Petros compiled collections of secular songs in Byzantine notation, preserving a significant portion of the Ottoman urban music repertoire of his time.
  5. Kemençeci Vasil

    1845-1907
    A Rum from Silivri, possibly of Roma descent, Vasilakis is regarded as the greatest kemençe (lyra) virtuoso after Tanburi Cemil Bey. His first steps in music were on the clarinet, performing at festivals and celebrations accompanied by percussion. He later learned the lyra from a musician named Giorgis from Phanar (Fener). By 1870, he had settled in Istanbul. In the cafés of Galata, he met Antonis (see Antonis Kyriazidis / Lavtacı Andon) and joined his ensemble as a second lyra player, alongside Nikolakis (see Nikolakis / Nikolaki Efendi). Yiannis Kyriazidis used to say that Vasilakis mastered in two years what had taken him twenty to learn. His growing reputation made him highly sought after among the court circles and music-loving officials. Vasilakis also played a key role in elevating the lyra from an instrument of the kabasaz popular music orchestras to a recognized instrument within Ottoman urban music ensembles. His most famous student, the composer and musician Tanburi Cemil Bey, brought further technical mastery and refinement to the instrument. Though Vasilakis composed only a few pieces, they are highly regarded, and he was also a maker of lyras. Among his students was Anastasios Leontaridis, father of Paraschos and Lambros Leontaridis, both of whom worked as musicians in music cafés, taverns, and later in radio broadcasting.
  6. Udi Yorgo

    1900-1977
    Giorgos Batzanos was born in Istanbul into a family of distinguished musicians, possibly of Romani descent. His father, Haralambos (Lambo Efendi), was a laouto player, while his brother Alekos (Aleko) and his uncle Anastasios Leontaridis (Anastas) were both renowned kemençe (lyra) players. From an early age, Giorgos displayed remarkable musical talent, beginning with an ud crafted by his father when he was just five years old. Despite his father’s encouragement to complete his formal education, Giorgos devoted himself entirely to music. He studied under his father and later trained with Udi Kirkor and Karnik Garmiryan. At the age of twelve, he made his debut at a nightclub. Later, he performed in Cyprus and Egypt and also worked for Turkish radio. Though a gifted pianist and songwriter, Batzanos is remembered above all for his mastery of the oud.
  7. Kemençeci Nikolaki

    mid-19th century - c. 1915
    Kemençeci Nikolaki was born and died in Istanbul. For years, he collaborated with Yiannis and Antonis Kyriazis (see Antonis Kyriazidis / Lavtacı Andon), performing with their ensemble at Antonis' venue in Galata. Sources describe him as an exceptional kemençe (lyra) player. Though his teacher remains unknown, he was renowned for his skill in the köçekçe repertoire and oyun havaları, performing in kabasaz ensembles (lyra, laouto, percussion). His compositions were mainly instrumental, including peşrev and semai, but he also wrote pieces in the şarkı vocal form.
  8. Lavtacı Andon

    mid-19th century - c. 1925
    Antonis Kyriazidis, or Kyriazis, played the lute (laouto in Greek, lavta in Turkish) and the ud. Along with his brothers Christos (or Christakis, d. circa 1914) and Yiannis (or Jivanis, "The Blind One," Turkish: Civan, d. circa 1910), who were also laouto players and composers, particularly of vocal repertoire, they gained distinction as musicians in the city's music cafés and taverns, in districts such as Pera and Galata. They operated at the crossroads between Ottoman urban music and the kabasaz popular music orchestras—ensembles of laouto, lyra, and percussion, which accompanied the dance performances of köçekçeler (singular: köçekçe), young boys dressed in women's clothing. Antonis' compositions in the peșrev and semai instrumental forms remain beloved to this day, and several pieces from the köçekçe dance repertoire are also attributed to him. According to some sources, Antonis and his brothers maintained ties with the Palace, where they were frequently invited to perform. They were also closely associated with some of the great musicians of their era, such as Tanburi Cemil Bey (1873–1916), Vasilakis (Kemençeci Vasil), and the Armenian Tatyos Efendi (1858–1913)—the latter two, in fact, were said to have been students of Yiannis, or Civan.
Selected Works

Repertoire

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You can listen to the recordings of selected works from the catalogue below.

For the sheet music of the selected works, click the link below.

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Catalogue of the Recordings

Kürdi Peşrev | Tanburi Angeli
04:00
Pençgâh Saz Semâi | Dimitrie Cantemir
06:02
Büzürk Peşrev | Dimitrie Cantemir
07:00
Nihâvent Peşrev | Petraki
04:46
Peyk-i-Sefâ Saz Semâi | Petraki
03:55
Hüseyni Ağır Semâi | Zaharya
02:58
Sabâ Saz Semâi | Zaharya
03:14
Sabâ Peşrev
03:59
Arietta Greca
02:29
Hüseyni Peşrev | Lavtacı Andon
05:38
Hüseyni Saz Semâi | Lavtacı Andon
04:35
Kürdilihicâzkâr Peşrev | Kemençeci Vasil
05:09
Şehnaz Saz Semâi | Kemençeci Nikolaki
05:05
Mahûr Saz Semâi | Kemençeci Nikolaki
04:31
Sultaniyegâh | Kemençeci Nikolaki
01:54

Contributors

Artistic Direction: Ross Daly

Transcriptions: Ross Daly, Gerasimos Papadopoulos

The participating musicians are:
Chrysanthi Gkika (lyra)
Harris Lamprakis (ney)
Tasos Poulios (kanun)
Thomas Meleteas (ud)
Stephanos Agiopoulos (percussion)

Sound engineers: Natalia Kotsani, Ross Daly (Calda Recordings & Productions)

Mix, Mastering: Vangelis Apostolou (Vasmaris Studio)

Texts: Eleni Kallimopoulou

Website design & implementation: Natalia Kotsani

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The project “Synavgeia: Romioi Composers of Constantinople” was implemented in 2024 with the endorsement and financial support of the Ministry of Culture.

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